Current perspectives on law, regulation and business practice. Bergt Law analyses developments in Liechtenstein, the European legal landscape and cross-border and international contexts.
Selected recent contributions from our ongoing legal monitoring.
ESMA has materially tightened its supervisory position on non-MiCA-compliant stablecoins. CASPs should examine whether their services enable European clients to acquire, increase, access or maintain exposure…
Read analysisECSPR applies in Liechtenstein from 1 August 2026. Learn about FMA licensing, the €5m threshold, investor rules and EEA crowdfunding passporting.
Read analysisLiechtenstein GDPR update on employee errors, employer liability and CCTV. When companies remain liable and how to reduce data protection risk.
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ESMA has materially tightened its supervisory position on non-MiCA-compliant stablecoins. CASPs should examine whether their services enable European clients to acquire, increase, access or maintain exposure…
Read analysis →ECSPR applies in Liechtenstein from 1 August 2026. Learn about FMA licensing, the €5m threshold, investor rules and EEA crowdfunding passporting.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein GDPR update on employee errors, employer liability and CCTV. When companies remain liable and how to reduce data protection risk.
Read analysis →Bergt Law, advises clients on Liechtenstein legal structures, corporate governance, financial market regulation, compliance, transactions and cross border legal questions. For foundation matters, the decisiv…
Read analysis →For founders, families, family offices, trustees, fiduciaries, banks and philanthropic sponsors seeking a Liechtenstein foundation, a charitable foundation, a private benefit foundation, a holding foundation…
Read analysis →Liechtenstein’s 2026 trust law reform introduces new governance duties, information rights, registration rules and transition deadlines. Trustees, settlors, protectors and family offices should review existi…
Read analysis →Bergt Law represents investors, purchasers and other affected parties in matters concerning alleged misrepresentation in tangible-asset investment structures, including the Swiss balsamic barrel case reporte…
Read analysis →Liechtenstein and Belgium sign a tax treaty with zero withholding tax benefits for groups, funds and investors. Learn what it means for cross-border structures.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein employers, founders, family offices and international groups must review cross-border work, home office policies and A1 certificates before social security exposure becomes a hidden tax, payrol…
Read analysis →Austrian Supreme Court confirms recognition of Liechtenstein notarial certifications, strengthening cross-border filings, transactions and market entry.
Read analysis →SEC Crypto Rules 2026 explained and why cross-border crypto businesses need multi-jurisdiction structuring, compliance and legal precision.
Read analysis →Stablecoin payments after 2 March 2026: EBA guidance tightens EMT/PSD2 rules for CASPs. Assess licensing, partners, marketing limits, offboarding now—EU/EEA. Act early!!!
Read analysis →Liechtenstein’s 2026 SAG reform: daisy-chain MREL fix, fast “Massnahmenedikt” resolution procedure, and stricter retail limits for subordinated eligible liabilities.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein guide to the EU Listing Act: 12m prospectus threshold, lean follow-on docs, multiple-vote shares & MAR duties—listing readiness with Bergt Law.
Read analysis →MiCAR transition in Liechtenstein may run to 30 June 2026: TVTG VASPs can keep operating pending law - secure MiCAR authorisation and passporting with Bergt Law.
Read analysis →AIFMD II & ELTIF 2.0: Liechtenstein fund law adds cross-border depositaries, LMTs and flexible ELTIFs. Prepare with Bergt Law’s counsel — bergt.law/en.
Read analysis →MiFID/MiFIR in Liechtenstein: PFOF ban, single-APA, consolidated tape, DEA, tied agents. Stay compliant with Bergt Law’s regulatory team — bergt.law/en.
Read analysis →US imposes 39% tariffs on Switzerland vs. 15% on Liechtenstein; explore legal, compliant strategies for Swiss ventures under evolving trade rules.
Read analysis →AMLA raises the AML/CFT bar for EU crypto. What CASPs must consider under MiCA and AMLR - and how Liechtenstein firms can lead.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein confronts derelicted “zombie trusts" and stranded "ghost foundations" as extraterritorial OFAC sanctions freeze assets, testing fiduciary governance and compliance.
Read analysis →EBA’s No-Action Letter gives EMT CASPs time to align MiCAR–PSD2. Bergt Law helps you plan capital, licensing, and compliance before March 2026 hits.
Read analysis →ESMA narrows reverse solicitation and bans non-MiCA stablecoins. Bergt Law helps crypto firms adapt—mitigate risks, avoid fines, and stay in the EU market.
Read analysis →MiCA Q&As reshape crypto custody, client rights & trading venues. Bergt Law helps CASPs adapt fast—avoid breaches, stay licensed, and gain investor trust.
Read analysis →MiCA mandates crypto staff training. Bergt Law helps CASPs meet ESMA's knowledge rules—turning compliance into licensing speed, trust, and talent retention.
Read analysis →MiCA Article 81: ESMA redefines crypto suitability & statements. Turn compliance into a competitive edge with Bergt Law’s tailored implementation support.
Read analysis →MiCA suitability guidelines make board competence and shareholder integrity mandatory. Learn how to stay compliant and expedite approval at Bergt Law.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein to enforce CARF and revised CRS from 2026—VASPs must prepare for crypto-reporting, data exchange, and global compliance shifts. Details at bergt.law/en.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein cuts the general civil limitation period from 30 to 10 years—impacting claims, contracts, compliance, and liability. Act now. More at bergt.law/en.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein defers CSRD reporting for Waves 2 & 3 by two years—smart firms use this pause to strengthen ESG systems and gain investor trust. Learn more: bergt.law/en.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein to issue its own tax blacklist mirroring the EU list—impacting securitisation, PEPP, and crowdfunding firms from 2025. Prepare early via bergt.law/en.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein joins the GloBE data exchange from 2026, requiring MNEs to file GIRs, register proactively, and align with QDMTT rules—prepare now at bergt.law/en.
Read analysis →Liechtenstein’s new FIU Act mandates risk-based AML triage, real-time data access, AI safeguards, and public-private intel-sharing—effective 1 Nov 2025. Learn more: bergt.law/en
Read analysis →Liechtenstein’s new WPFG replaces CRR for most investment firms—unlocking tailored capital rules, ESG alignment, and FMA oversight from 2025. Learn more at bergt.law/en.
Read analysis →Hardly any other European financial centre has managed, within such a compact geographic perimeter, to translate the ever-accelerating OECD agenda on tax transparency into binding domestic law as swiftly and…
Read analysis →An analysis of the Liechtenstein Blockchain Act and evolving crypto business models, offering insights into regulations, tokenization, and the EU's MiCA.
Read analysis →Explore Liechtenstein's comprehensive notarial services, including certifications, apostille and superlegalization, ensuring your documents meet global standards and legal requirements.
Read analysis →The advent of digital communication has revolutionized the way financial advice is disseminated, especially on social media platforms. It becomes crucial for (financial) influencers to grasp and adhere to th…
Read analysis →n the ever-evolving landscape of European Union financial regulation, the publication on the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive and amending Directives 2003/41/EC and 2009/65/EC and Regulations (…
Read analysis →In this article, an overview on the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA), Regulation (EU) 2022/2554, aimed at fortifying cybersecurity within the financial sector, is provided. The article’s goal is to…
Read analysis →The dawn of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought forth a paradigm shift in technological advancements and their intersection with legal frameworks. The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act stands…
Read analysis →In an era where digitalization is rapidly transforming the financial landscape, the European Union has made a significant stride with the introduction of the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA), Regula…
Read analysis →In the dynamic and rapidly evolving world of digital assets, regulatory frameworks are essential in providing stability, transparency, and security. The Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 on Markets in Crypto-Assets…
Read analysis →In a move that marks a significant milestone in the regulation of the rapidly evolving crypto-asset sector, the European Banking Authority (EBA) has unveiled its final Risk-Based Supervision Guidelines (EBA/…
Read analysis →Liechtenstein's financial market emerges as a bastion of financial innovation, leveraging the transformative power of financial technologies (FinTech). This article delves into the principality's strategic r…
Read analysis →In the ever-evolving landscape of international tax law, the Directive on Administrative Cooperation (DAC), particularly its seventh iteration, DAC7, emerges as a pivotal development, signifying a paradigm s…
Read analysis →In the realm of global finance, the Principality of Liechtenstein stands as a paragon of specialized, internationally connected, and stable financial services.
Read analysis →In a significant development, approximately 50 countries, including Switzerland, have committed to an expanded scope of international automatic exchange of information (AIA) respectively Common Reporting Sta…
Read analysis →Social trading platforms serve as digital arenas where investors, colloquially known as "followers," can observe, discuss, and replicate the trading strategies of more experienced traders, known as "signal p…
Read analysis →The fiscal landscape in Switzerland is poised for a transformative shift as the government has promulgated an increase in the rates of Value-Added Tax (VAT), effective from January 1, 2024. The VAT rate adju…
Read analysis →In the realm of property law and transactions, the intricacies of legal documentation and registration can often present complex challenges. This article aims to dissect and elucidate the critical aspects of…
Read analysis →Financial market participants, ranging from product providers to institutional investors, have the potential to significantly mitigate the impacts of climate change and facilitate the transition to a more re…
Read analysis →In the intricate world of financial services law, the concept of investment brokerage holds a position of critical importance. As delineated in MiFID II, investment brokerage encompasses the facilitation of…
Read analysis →The landscape of banking law, particularly within the context of Regulation EU) No 575/2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms or the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR…
Read analysis →In the constantly evolving landscape of financial technology, the concept of electronic money (E-money) has emerged as a pivotal element, significantly influencing both the regulatory and practical aspects o…
Read analysis →In the dynamic and ever-evolving domain of financial services, the legislative framework governing payment services plays a pivotal role in shaping the operational landscape for financial institutions. This…
Read analysis →In the intricate domain of financial services, the legal framework governing investment advisory services plays a pivotal role. This analysis delves into the statutory definition of investment advice under A…
Read analysis →In the dynamic world of financial investment, understanding the regulatory frameworks governing investment entities and collective investment schemes is crucial. This article aims to provide insights into th…
Read analysis →The realm of portfolio management, as defined under Art. 4 para. 1 no. 8 MiFID II, respectively Annex I Section A no. 4 MiFID II, encompasses a broad spectrum of activities involving the management of indivi…
Read analysis →Factoring, an increasingly vital financial service, encompasses the continuous purchase of receivables from deliveries or services of the factoring client (known as "associated customers" or "sellers") by th…
Read analysis →In the intricate landscape of banking law understanding the nature of credit business as defined under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR) is crucial for financial institutions and legal practitioners. This ar…
Read analysis →In the complex realm of financial services, understanding the nuances of contract or closing brokerage and differentiating it from investment brokerage is crucial for legal practitioners and financial instit…
Read analysis →The landscape of financial services, particularly proprietary trading and the differentiation of own account transactions is an intricate and complex matter. This article aims to provide a legal overview of…
Read analysis →In the intricate landscape of financial markets, the operation of multilateral trading facility (MTF) holds a significant position, which is the private law equivalent of a public stock exchange or regulated…
Read analysis →The EU Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) plays a crucial role in defining financial instruments within the scope of banking and financial services. This article delves into the intrica…
Read analysis →The EU Prospectus Regulation, which came into force on July 20, 2017, and became fully applicable from July 21, 2019, marks a significant shift in the financial regulatory landscape of the European Union.
Read analysis →The intricacies of personal insolvency, or more accurately termed in the Liechtenstein Insolvency Ordinance as debt settlement procedures, represent a critical juncture for natural persons grappling with the…
Read analysis →Market abuse, a term that encapsulates insider trading and market manipulation, has been a subject of increasing scrutiny and regulation in the financial markets.
Read analysis →Central to the operational dynamics of investment funds is the concept of the "Investment Triangle," which delineates the roles and responsibilities of three principal actors: the investment fund, the manage…
Read analysis →The European Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID 2 as amended) provides a legal framework that governs the issuance business, a term that encapsulates the issuance of financial instruments for…
Read analysis →The concept of "Placement Business," as delineated in MiFID 2 is a financial service requiring licensing as an investment firm.
Read analysis →The intricate web of financial instruments, particularly derivatives, has been a subject of considerable legal scrutiny and regulatory oversight. The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID 2) serv…
Read analysis →The European Union (EU) has recently enacted the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR), a seminal piece of legislation aimed at providing a harmonized regulatory environment for crypto-assets across th…
Read analysis →The financial markets, a cornerstone of modern economies, are governed by a complex web of regulations designed to ensure transparency, fairness, and stability. Publicly traded companies and market participa…
Read analysis →In the intricate web of financial markets, Central Counterparties (CCPs) have emerged as pivotal entities, serving as intermediaries between buyers and sellers in the trading of financial instruments.
Read analysis →Life insurance serves as a financial bulwark against the biometric risks (e.g., death, occupational disability, invalidity) that an insured individual may encounter.
Read analysis →The European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) serves as a cornerstone in the European Union's regulatory framework for mitigating systemic risks in the derivatives market.
Read analysis →The realm of legal expense insurance is intricate, governed by a plethora of stipulations that delineate the scope of coverage, the types of legal disputes it encompasses, and the conditions under which the…
Read analysis →The efficacy of an insurance policy is often revealed only in the aftermath of an unforeseen event or over an extended period.
Read analysis →The introduction of the Pan-European Personal Pension Product (PEPP), a groundbreaking financial instrument designed to augment private retirement savings, has engendered a paradigm shift in the European pen…
Read analysis →Crowdfunding has emerged as a disruptive financial mechanism that democratizes access to capital for various projects and enterprises. While it offers an alternative to traditional financing methods, it also…
Read analysis →In an era characterized by technological advancements and the ubiquity of digital platforms, alternative payment methods are increasingly gaining traction. These methods, which deviate from traditional payme…
Read analysis →The digital transformation has permeated various sectors, including the banking, insurance, and financial services industries. Among the most intriguing developments is the rise of Robo-Advisory services, wh…
Read analysis →In an era where the exigencies of environmental conservation and social responsibility are increasingly integrated into investment paradigms, the concept of sustainable investment has emerged as a focal poin…
Read analysis →The process of registering a Trust Enterprise (a business trust or Trust Registered respectively Trust reg.) in Liechtenstein is a multifaceted one, requiring careful preparation and adherence to specific le…
Read analysis →The establishment of a Limited Liability Company (LLC or in German “Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung” respectively “GmbH”) in Liechtenstein is a process that requires careful planning and adherence to s…
Read analysis →The cooperative society under Liechtenstein law as defined by Articles 428 to 495 of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act (“PGR”), is a corporation that consists of an open number of persons or commer…
Read analysis →The establishment of a private law Establishment, or “Anstalt”, in Liechtenstein is a complex process that requires careful planning and adherence to specific legal requirements.
Read analysis →In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the process of relocating a company's registered domicile from and to the country is governed by a set of detailed regulations.
Read analysis →The partnership limited by shares, as outlined in Art. 368 to Art. 374 of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act (“PGR”), is a legal entity with share capital divided into shares.
Read analysis →This article, aims to elucidate the principles and practices of maintaining, storing, and archiving business records in the Principality of Liechtenstein pursuant to the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies A…
Read analysis →In the realm of corporate structures, the concept of a Protected Cell Company (PCC) holds a unique position. Not a distinct legal form in itself, a PCC is a configuration that can be adopted by any legal ent…
Read analysis →As per Art 552 § 1 to 41 of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act (“PGR”), a foundation is a distinct legal and economic entity, established through the unilateral declaration of intent by the founder.…
Read analysis →In the context of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act (“PGR”), companies limited by shares, partnerships limited by shares (Art 368 PGR), and European companies (SE) that issue bearer shares are requ…
Read analysis →In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the formation and management of branch offices are governed by a set of regulations, as outlined in Article 236 and inter alia in Article 291b of the Liechtenstein Perso…
Read analysis →In the process of setting up a Liechtenstein foundation and filing the notice of formation for registration in the commercial register, several steps must be methodically prepared.
Read analysis →The process of financial reporting is a critical aspect that carries significant legal implications for companies. In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the rendering of accounts, bookkeeping, and disclosure…
Read analysis →The establishment of an association in Liechtenstein is a process that requires careful planning and execution. This article aims to provide a guide on the registration of an association in Liechtenstein, ou…
Read analysis →The incorporation process of a General Partnership (“Kollektivgesellschaft” in German) in Liechtenstein, also known as an Open Society or Open Trading Company, involves a number of essential steps and carefu…
Read analysis →In the ever-evolving landscape of global business, the Principality of Liechtenstein has emerged as a beacon of innovation, particularly in the realm of legal structures. One such innovative legal structure…
Read analysis →The Liechtenstein Trade Act and Trade Ordinance legislation delineate two critical categories, namely permit-obliged and notification-obliged trades.
Read analysis →For any organization planning to register a Limited Partnership (Kommanditgesellschaft) in Liechtenstein, there are certain critical steps to be followed, culminating in an entry into the Commercial Register…
Read analysis →The European Parliament and the Council are proposing a new directive on payment services and electronic money services. In light of these changes, existing payment institutions may find themselves in need o…
Read analysis →Nuances of Liechtenstein Tax Structure: An Overview of the Taxation of Natural and Legal Entities and International Tax Law
Read analysis →The process of incorporating a joint-stock company (“Aktiengesellschaft” or “AG” in German) in Liechtenstein involves several critical steps, each of which requires careful consideration and preparat…
Read analysis →In navigating the complexities of establishing a cooperative in Liechtenstein, one must follow a procedural blueprint that ensures every legal and regulatory requirement is met.
Read analysis →As an internationally renowned hub for business operations, Liechtenstein remains an attractive destination for companies seeking to establish branch offices.
Read analysis →The realm of digital finance and its fast-paced developments have been remarkable over the past years. A particular aspect of note has been the rise of cryptocurrencies and their interaction with the convent…
Read analysis →In the landscape of business structures, the sole proprietorship stands as an entity, which is operated on behalf of an individual who bears sole responsibility and has personal and unlimited liability. In L…
Read analysis →The European Commission proposed the initiation of a digital Euro, taking a significant stride towards creating an internationally competitive currency.
Read analysis →The private law establishment, or "Anstalt," is a unique legal entity in Liechtenstein law. It is a legally independent and organized company dedicated to a permanent economic or other purpose with its own l…
Read analysis →The European company, or "Societas Europaea" (SE), is a supranational legal form for companies operating or wishing to operate in different member states of the European Union.
Read analysis →The European Cooperative Society (Societas Cooperativa Europaea, SCE) is a supranational legal form for cooperatives operating or wishing to operate in different member states of the European Union.
Read analysis →In a significant development that marks a new era in transatlantic data protection, the European Commission has adopted an adequacy decision for the EU-US Data Privacy Framework.
Read analysis →The general partnership is regulated in Art. 689 to Art. 732 of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act (“PGR”). It is an association of two or more partners, each bearing unlimited personal, joint, and…
Read analysis →The Principality of Liechtenstein, renowned for its progressive stance on blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies, offers a unique framework that allows companies to pay up their capital using cryptocurre…
Read analysis →In the realm of corporate law, the designation of a company's name is a critical aspect that carries both legal and branding implications. In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the process of company naming…
Read analysis →In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the establishment and management of associations are governed by a set of comprehensive regulations, as outlined in Article 246 to Article 260 of the Liechtenstein Perso…
Read analysis →In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the establishment and management of companies with limited liability (in German ‘Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung’ or ‘GmbH’) are governed by a set of comprehensive…
Read analysis →In the Principality of Liechtenstein, the establishment and management of companies limited by shares (in German ‘Aktiengesellschaft’ or ‘AG’) are governed by a set of comprehensive regulations, as outlined…
Read analysis →The limited partnership, as defined in Art. 733 to Art. 755 of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act (“PGR”), is a form of business association that involves two or more partners, with at least one par…
Read analysis →The process of registering a European Company (Societas Europaea, SE) in Liechtenstein is a complex one that requires careful planning and execution. This article provides a comprehensive guide to the steps…
Read analysis →In the realm of Liechtenstein law, the trust pursuant to Art. 897 to Art. 932 of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act(“PGR”) holds a distinctive position.
Read analysis →In the realm of intellectual property, a trademark is a distinctive sign or symbol that serves to differentiate the goods or services of one enterprise from those of others.
Read analysis →The trust enterprise pursuant to Art. 932a §§ 1 to 170 of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act “PGR” holds a unique position in Liechtenstein law, functioning as a company with its own assets that are…
Read analysis →In the legal landscape of Liechtenstein, the dissolution and liquidation of legal entities is a process that is governed by specific regulations. The dissolution of a legal entity does not mean its deletion…
Read analysis →The European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG), a supranational legal entity established under European law, is designed to streamline, facilitate, and enhance the economic activities of its members, while n…
Read analysis →The execution procedure, also known as debt recovery, is a legal process that allows a creditor to enforce a claim against a debtor. In Liechtenstein, this process is governed by the Execution Order (EO).
Read analysis →In the intricate world of corporate law, the role of natural persons and legal entities pursuant to Art. 180a of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act (“PGR”) in the administration of a company is a cr…
Read analysis →This article aims to elucidate the conditions under which micro-enterprises in Liechtenstein can waive the review pursuant to Art. 1058a of the Liechtenstein Persons and Companies Act (“PGR”).
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